Seats (Part 4)

Continued from Seats (Part 3)
I got a call a couple of days ago that my canopy was being molded, so I expect it to be here in the next couple weeks. That reminded me that I hadn't finished my seats yet, which I'll need to help me decide how tall to make the plane. So I started working on the seat back. It's built the same way the seat pan was, and the same way as the wing walks are. But I do have a few pictures of the process.
Here's the second layup:

I build the foam and wood board larger than I'd need, so once the fiberglass was all cured I cut the seat to size. I'll be cutting it in half once the hinges are attached so each side can flip down independent of the other. I'm running out of space in the garage with the wings being worked on, so I had to stick it in place for now.

Continued in Seats (Part 5)

Wing Tips (Part 3)

After hot wire cutting, I did some sanding to smooth it out, as well as making a radius on the bottom edge. I also trimmed away 3/4" of the trailing edge foam and filled it with micro, same as with the wing. After I was happy with the shape, I put two layers of 5.8 oz cloth on the top, two layers on the bottom, and two layers wrapped around the thin edge. The top and bottom layers extend about 6 inches onto the existing wing, and the whole thing is quite stiff and strong. I don't think I'll make any changes to the process for the other side, so I won't bother uploading any new pictures unless something unexpected happens. Here's the (semi) finished product.

Wing Tips (Part 2)

Continued from Wing Tips (Part 1)

Once the foam was all glued up, I sanded it down to shape just like the rest of the wing. I ended up with 15" of extra length, and my final airfoil chord at 33.75 inches and right around 0* incidence. Time to make the actual tip.

I'm going to be using a modified Hoerner tip. I used a paper written by Hoerner, as well as the video I linked to in the previous post, to come up with my own hybrid. Hoerner describes and promotes a wingtip that is simply cut at about a 45* angle from bottom to top, which was my original plan. However, in the video uploaded by YouTuber schmleff, his tip changes angles as the wing thickness changes. I'll be using aspects of both, and hopefully not eliminating the good effects of both in the process.

Hoerner tip:

Schmleff tip: (before additional nose shaping)

My adaptation:

Hoerner tip pros: highest L/D ratio without using "tip devices" (i.e. winglets), as a result of vortices around the outside of the wing being pushed out past the wing.

Schmleff tip pros: Higher lift at tips, causing greater roll stability and lowering stall speed

My tips: (in theory?) push vortices past the wing, and give smooth airflow transition to rear of tip where greater lift can be achieved with minimal decrease in top speed, allowing a potentially lower stall speed and therefore slower landing speed.

Enough about theory, here's how it went.

I started by following the schmleff video, taping about 3/8" below the top of the airfoil and 6" inboard of the tip on the bottom of the airfoil. (Wing is upside down in picture.)

I went ahead and cut the foam with the hot wire cutter at this stage, giving me the start of the schmleff tip.

I had a fancy jig planned that would hold the hot wire cutter at the right angle as I moved it over the front of the wing, but I realized since I had this modeled in CAD already, I might as well just plot it on my wing, tape it off, and cut it. Could have done that all at once, but I didn't, so I had to glue back some of the foam I just cut off. The nice thing about hot wire cutting is the pieces fit back on really nice.

Once I had that all taped up, I used the hot wire cutter again, and the general shape was achieved.

I like the way that turned out. All that's left is about 10 minutes of touch-up sanding, and to round the leading edge a little bit, and then I'll be ready to glass it.

Wing Tips (Part 1)

With both wings glassed, it's time for wing tips. I'm doing a version of Hoerner tips, which ought to reduce drag and increase lift by moving the inherent turbulence out past the wing. I did a fair amount of research, and came up with a couple of studies that promoted the Hoerner tip, and a few studies that promoted simple round or rhombus end plates as much better options. I don't like the idea of those end plates, because 1. if they aren't lined up right they'll increase drag, and 2. I don't like how they look. I'm basically following a great Youtube video found here, which details the entire process.

The first step I needed to take was making my wing straight and square on the end. This should have been done by shaping the spars accordingly, but I wasn't smart enough to think about that at the time. As a result, the ends of my wings are pretty wavy.

In order to fix this, I started by cutting an oversized airfoil from a piece of 2" foam, and cut it into a bunch of sections that would follow the angles on the wing endplate.

These were glued on and left to cure. Once they were set, I sanded them to match the rest of the wing.
Next I laid a framing square along my front spar, which is perpendicular to the aircraft's centerline, and used that to draw a line on the top and bottom of the foam 1" outboard of the endplate. After the lines were drawn, I laid some 2" aluminum foil HVAC tape along the lines all the way around the foam.

Once that was lined up and pressed on really well, I fired up my hot wire foam cutter and used the tape as a template. When I was finished, I had a really nice straight, square, flat end plate to glue my wing tip onto.

I'll be extending my wing 15" outboard of the 3/32" plywood endplate, in order to try and squeeze a little better glide rate out of the plane. From what I've been reading, it doesn't seem to have much of a speed penalty, and a number of folks have extended their wing 18" or more this way without adding to the length of the spar. Since the foam I used to fix the wavy endplate issue is 1" outboard of the main spar, I'll add 14" of foam by cutting 7 pieces of 2" stuff and gluing it all together. It's cut to a slightly large airfoil shape to help me get it to the final shape faster. I'm using 3M spray adhesive so that my hot wire foam cutter will be able to slice through it once it's ready, although I'm slightly skeptical about how well that'll hold the foam for sanding.

Continued in Wing Tips (Part 2)

Outer Wings (Part 6)

Continued from Outer Wings (Part 5)
Today I finished sanding the wing to shape. My micro trailing edge is nice and solid, and I sanded the overlapping fiberglass on the leading edge down nice and smooth for the next couple of layers. I hand planed the spars down to slightly below the airfoil contour, which was much easier after I took five minutes and sharpened the blade. I didn't take many pictures, but I did document how I'm prepping the sump drain as well as the WAF cut-outs in the foam. The cut-outs each get some one-on-one time with a Dremel, so that the foam is slightly recessed. Next I take a piece of pre-layed-up fiberglass and cut it to fit the cut-out.

Once I've got all four cut to fit, I mix up some micro and apply it to the foam, then set the fiberglass in the cut-outs. I'm not too picky about how it lays, but generally I try to make it as close to the airfoil contour as possible, erring below rather than above.

For the sump drain, I start by attaching a circular piece of duct tape over the hole. Then I use a really thick micro to build up from the aluminum block to the airfoil contour. While the micro is in the "green" stage, I use a Forstner bit to generate a nice circular hole down to the aluminum block where the duct tape is, which gets removed (because it's now all gummy and may not keep the resin out during the big layup.)

I'll replace the duct tape before I do my layup. I'm prepping for that by cutting templates out of plastic 2 mil drop cloth, then cutting the fiberglass from that. If everything goes well, by this time tomorrow the wing will be finished and off the plane.

Outer Wings (Part 5)

Continued from Outer Wings (Part 4)

I started by sanding down the foam I glued on yesterday to fix the low spot. Once that was sanded to contour, I went ahead and sanded the trailing edge to contour as well. I was a little pressed for time, otherwise I would have finished sanding and gotten ready to glass. I did have time to mix up some more micro, though, so I poured/squeegeed/scraped it into place to finish filling in the low spot. After sanding:

And after adding micro, it's nice and smooth and follows the airfoil perfectly.

I also had time to use a wire wheel in a power drill to scrape away the foam within about 3/4" of the trailing edge, and filled that with micro for strength. I did this on the other wing as well, and it's crazy stiff and crazy strong now.

I have to hand plane the spars down a little so they don't stick out, then sand the leading edge and prep it for two more overlapping layers of fiberglass. I also need to cut and attach some prepreg FG strips over the WAFs so I don't lose a ton of vinylester down those cut-outs. After that, I'll be ready to glass the bottom of the wing, then move on to the wing tips.
Continued in Outer Wings (Part 6)

Pitot (Prandtl) Tube

Let me start off by saying, it's probably much easier to just buy a pitot tube. But one of my major motivations for a wide variety of my hobbies is the voice in my head that says, "I can do that, and I can probably do it better*." So in the spirit of not accepting the status quo, I decided to see if I could make my own without buying any new tools.

Let me also explain that a wide variety of homebuilt aircraft builders find inexpensive ways around all sorts of problems, and this is one I've seen a lot of creativity with. From just soft aluminum tubing to VW pushrods to all manner of "I had this laying around the house" DIY, it's been proven that with a little trial and error, you can make almost anything work if you try hard enough. However, due to the speed at which this plane travels, and the amount of trouble I would be in if my airspeed indicator decided to stop working due to a bent/broken pitot tube, I felt it a worthwhile pursuit to build a very sturdy, very likely to be accurate structure. I didn't design anything new, just copied other designs that made sense to me, focusing first on strength and second on aerodynamics. With that out of the way, here's what I did.

I determined that 2024 aluminum was a good material to use, as it's quite strong and still quite light. Also, because it's "just aluminum," I was willing to try turning it on my wood lathe. I've turned wood for about 7 years, which certainly doesn't make me an expert, but I've had the pleasure of playing with a lot of different species. Aluminum is much easier to turn than many of them. It takes much longer to shape, but there's no grain to it, so I had no troubles turning it with even my cheap lathe chisels. I started with a 3/8" rod, cut it to length, trued up the ends in the lathe, then drilled a 3/16" hole through it, and finally turned one end to a point. This would have worked fine, but...

One of the difficulties with an airplane is, you're moving through the air. The difficulty comes in figuring out just how far away the ground is. We know that, as a general rule, air is less dense the higher we are. The altimeter in an airplane counts on that fact to display its altitude. An altimeter measures air density by measuring air pressure, but where do you take that measurement? Inside the airplane isn't a safe bet, as air currents can vary wildly and cause massive pressure shifts depending on airspeed, air vents, and where you put your flight bag. Outside the airplane, the air is moving very rapidly, and if the static air source is tipped slightly into *or* slightly away from the direction of airflow, your reading will be very very wrong. One of the more common methods is to place your static source, or port, on the side of the fuselage, where the port will be perfectly perpendicular to the airflow. If you fly the airplane in a slip or skid, however, your measurement will be off again, so you need another port on the other side of the plane so the measurements can even out. One of the more elegant solutions to this is called a Prandtl tube.

A Prandtl tube combines the functions of a pitot tube and a static port, and does so in a way that, theoretically, is less prone to error under normal conditions. Do other methods work? Just fine, as a matter of fact. However, for this airframe, a number of people have used a number of methods, and it seems that what works for this guy causes major problems for the next guy. A Prandtl tube should work on any airframe, as long as it's placed in a free airstream. I stole a diagram from Wikipedia:

Pitot and static, measured from the same spot. How to accomplish this with minimal effort?

First, I got a 5/8" 2024 aluminum rod and turned the shape. Next, I drilled it down the center with three drill bits: 1/8" bit from the front straight back about an inch, 3/16" bit from the back all the way to the start of the 1/8" hole, and 3/8" from the back about an inch shallower than the 3/16" bit.

Next, I drilled 4 1/16" holes about 2 inches back from the tip, each 90* from each other, so I ended up with a hole in the top, bottom, and each side of the tube. I then took some 3/16" OD aluminum 3003 soft tubing I had laying around (after quite accidentally ordering 25 feet of the wrong size) and floxed a piece all the way down into the 3/16" hole, and then floxed another piece about an inch inside the large hole, then used more flox to seal the large chamber. What I ended up with looks about like this:

The red is the tubing, the green is the flox. Only two of the 4 holes are shown. Once that all cured, I hooked it up to my airspeed indicator and altimeter and took a drive, holding the Prandtl tube out the window. It seemed to work poorly, until i disconnected the altimeter. Turns out the altimeter leaks like a sieve, but the Prandtl tube works like a charm. I was getting very consistent readings, even angling the tube 15 degrees or so from straight on into the wind.

Ok, so it works. Now all I had to do was build a strut to hold it ~4" below the leading edge of the wing. To accomplish that, and because I was feeling picky, I printed off a low drag NACA airfoil (NACA 0021, I believe) and cut out two wood templates, glued them onto a piece of foam, and sanded that foam to shape. Then I glassed the foam, drilled a few holes to attach the Prandtl tube and to allow the two 3/16" tubes to run up the center of the foam, and glassed that all together.

After it had all cured, I put on a couple more layers of micro, building up the trailing edge, fairing in the transition between strut and Prandtl, and then sanded it nice and smooth. It'll stay that way until I'm ready to attach it to the plane. (Obviously the last picture is not sanded smooth. I'll update this with another picture once it's finished and attached.)

*Better, more often than not, means good enough for less money, or better for my specific application. If I really thought everything I did was better, I'd be a businessman (and probably a very, very broke one at that.)

Outer Wings (Part 4)

Continued from Outer Wings (Part 3)
With the plane upside down and wing reattached, I began by cutting the rest of my foam pieces to shape. It was during this process I realized that, during my fuel tank construction, I glued the bottom center section of foam incorrectly. By incorrectly, I mean that the foam was actually recessed below the airfoil shape for about half a square foot. I had problems fixing similar trouble spots before, but I've decided to try a different method with this area. I didn't take a before pic, but the after pic gives the general idea. The darker area is the low spot.

I decided to go ahead and sand the center section to the airfoil shape so I would have a solid understanding of where the foam was low. After that was accomplished, I traced and cut out a piece of foam 3/8" thick that was 3" smaller around the edges than the space that was low, and I glued that on. My next step will be to sand that to shape, then use micro to fill the outer band of the low spot, utilizing a straightedge while the micro is still wet to get a nice flat surface. This should work much better than my previous attempts, which were to glue foam over all of the low spot and sand it away. The problem was that the micro didn't sand as readily as the foam, and created high spots. 

With that figured out, I turned my attention back to adding foam over the rest of the bottom of the wing. Pretty straightforward, just make sure there's enough foam sticking up to sand away, and enough foam left after sanding that it won't flex after fiberglassing.

I came up with a simple (sort of) way to help hold long pieces of foam in place when they want to sag. First I cut off a piece of string about twice the length of the foam. Next I poked holes every foot or so in the foam I want to attach. The string gets secured at each end, by whatever means necessary. Finally, the string gets pushed up through each of the holes, then pulled until there's no slack. When you're finished, you've got plenty of string loops to help rearrange or secure your foam. I didn't end up using them to hold the foam in place, but they were very helpful for making small adjustments while the micro cured.

Top side:

Bottom side:

Continued in Outer Wings (Part 5)

Outer Wings (Part 3)

Continued from Outer Wings (Part 2)

On the left wing, I tried to modify the plans method to make it easier on myself. I cut out foam nose ribs that, rather than stick all the way out to the leading edge, only stuck out far enough to support the foam planks. Unfortunately, they weren't quite right, and it caused a lot of headache and frustration trying to rip out and replace foam. So this time, I did it a little closer to the plans method. Glued foam nose ribs in place, but then sanded them to the airfoil contour before adding the rest of the foam. It worked quite well, and was much easier than trying to work out the geometry of the nose supports changing size, length from the spar, and angle changes for washout.

Foam planks being cut and placed:

Once in place, I began the arduous sanding process yet again.

Honestly, it only took a couple hours, including frequent hydration (read: lost motivation) breaks and several "Is there *any* other way that would be *slightly* better?" pauses. One of those gave me the idea to cut slits along the entire length of my aluminum angle sanding block, and use that edge as a saw. It worked fairly well for large chunk removal, as long as you were careful not to cut too close to the final shape.

Eventually, I did manage to finish sanding the top of the wing (although not perfect - thank goodness for micro!) and got ready for another round of glassing. It's been so hot, I've been getting all of my supplies ready and all of the prep work done in the evening so I can get up early and finish glassing before 9 or 10 AM. Any later and the vinylester just sets up too fast. One interesting thing with vinylester that seems different than any other two-part system I've used - if the vinylester is gelling, and I'm not quite ready for it to set, I can actually add a little extra time by adding a little more vinylester (with hardener added, of course.) Not sure how or why, but it's saved me from a lot of repair work a couple of times.

I didn't get any pictures of the process, but it went like this:
Step one: micro from the front spar back to the trailing edge (skipping the spars)
Step two: lay one layer of 5.8 oz cloth and one layer of 1.5 oz cloth on the micro'd area, wet out completely
Step three: micro from the front spar forward and underneath, two inches past the chord line
Step four: wet out two layers of 5.8 oz cloth on a piece of 2 mil plastic, then lay the cloth in place on the leading edge of the wing. Much, much easier to do one layer at a time, otherwise you risk wrinkles in the bottom layer that are pretty impossible to get out once the resin begins to set.

The result is quite good, with very very few bubbles and only one small wrinkle. If the thunderstorms stay away long enough tomorrow,  I'll pull the plane out of the garage and flip it, then begin gluing foam around the bottom leading and trailing edges. Beginning to get excited about my progress, and I think I've figured out how I'll do my wing tips next.
Continued in Outer Wings (Part 4)